Being simply a rotating horizontal shaft with a heavy vertical load on it, early locomotive axles suffered severe stress reversals in their outer skins with every rotation.

ECONOMIST: Aircraft fatigue

The effects of depressurization on internal structures is not intuitively obvious to non-engineers, but a 20 foot wide by 20 foot high wall that sees a 1.2 psi rapid pressure decrease feels a load of about 70, 000 lbs of horizontal force.

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