Culture confers upon people a strong sense of identity and belonging, both of which make it easier to cope under difficult circumstances.

UNESCO: CULTURE

Professor Coleman said the use of slang "emerges when people are put in a position where they are bottom of a hierarchy" but have a strong sense of group identity - using it as an "outlet of aggression".

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Kiswahili is spoken most noticeably here on the coast, reflecting a strong sense of common identity.

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Marianne Elliott's history combines original scholarship with a strong sense of her own identity (Ulster born and Catholic raised).

ECONOMIST: Irish history

There is no strong sense of a national identity or a national vocation calling for military expression.

ECONOMIST: Russia

"On the other hand, there is this strong sense of patriotism and a bit of insecurity about our national identity, " she says.

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