After drying and being treated with another solvent, the polymer settles into a regular hexagonal pattern--a kind of plastic-like screen--on the crystalline surface.

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The formula in 4 Hour Protection hasn't been studied to see how it performs after drying on skin for several hours, says Don Muir, executive vice president of MicroArmor Inc. of Willoughby, Ohio, which makes the product for Angel Dough.

WSJ: How Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizers Hold Up

After experimenting with more than a dozen different formulations, drying them with custom-made machinery and heating them in ovens to test shelf life, Nektar hit upon a successful recipe that mixes insulin with glycine (an amino acid), citrate (the salt of an organic acid found in humans) and mannitol (a sugar used in intravenous products).

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