Data is so complex that using the same old methods, asking the same old questions, doesn't make sense, says Mr. Singh, who is also a mathematician.

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The article was riddled with smart insights from Dr. Klawe, her husband (also a mathematician and professor), students and academics, focused on the issues around women, programming and academia.

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There's also a 1936 first edition of the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society where mathematician Alan Mathison Turing introduces the concept of a "universal machine, " an imaginary computing device.

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