Optimism is currently more than one standard deviation beyond its historical average, meaning that this is an unusually high reading.

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It is also more than one standard deviation below the historical average of 30%, making this an unusually low reading.

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Rather it is just one standard deviation away from its average, making the current reading atypical, but not an outlier.

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First, at least 33 percent by volume of the sales to an allegedly targeted group must be at prices that are less than one standard deviation below the average price to all other groups.

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