High-intensity X-ray studies described in Analytical Chemistry found compounds called oxalates were responsible.

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In a pair of papers to be published soon in Analytical Chemistry, Dr Porter describes how he and his graduate students ran a slender glass stick larded with magnetic nanoparticles through a GMR reader.

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The 150, 000 applicants each year must first pass exams in chemistry, physics and mathematics before they can sit for a second set of grueling analytical tests.

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