The risks are especially serious for young people with certain conditions including heart problems, seizures, diabetes, and even behavioral problems and mood disorders.
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In a paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, published in 2009, Joan Chiao and Katherine Blizinsky of Northwestern University, in Illinois, found a positive correlation between higher levels of the short version of the gene and mood disorders (China and Japan have lots of both) and with collectivist political systems.
In a first-of-its kind study conducted at the University of Toronto and the Krembil Neuroscience Centre, researchers implanted electrodes in a specific part of the brain already known to be involved in depression and other mood disorders.
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"Where drinks contained high and unregulated amounts of caffeine, the reviewers found them to be linked with serious adverse affects amongst children and young adults with seizures, diabetes, cardiac abnormalities, or mood and behavioural disorders amongst those who take certain medications, " he quoted.
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The effect was greater among those who had mood and anxiety disorders than those that smoked for pleasure.
In particular, there's a strong genetic component to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as to several mood and anxiety disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Dr. Michael Thase, who heads the mood and anxiety disorders program at the University of Pennsylvania's medical school, said research by others using the same unpublished studies concluded antidepressants have "a modest effect over placebo, " on average about 15 percentage points.
This is especially the case for girls where there is a high risk of mood disorders and depression.
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Both father and daughter were likely predisposed to mood disorders, but Joyce lived a seemingly healthy life, unlike Lucia, who eventually went mad.
And, in fact, CD is well known to occur simultaneously with other disorders, like ADHD, mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety.
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Work groups focused on mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders and so on are equally invested in this process.
Mood disorders like depression -- which Miller and her colleagues purposely sought to isolate from their findings -- can also contribute to the problem, as they reportedly did in Todd's case.
What really runs in families is a tendency toward mood disorders in general, as well as a number of other conditions, such as anxiety and risk of substance abuse.
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