While there are industries where it makes sense to allow duopolies or even monopolies to obtain economies of scale and network effects computer operating systems and electric utilities might be two examples the tradeoff usually is that they must accept closer government regulation to prevent price-gouging and other abuses.
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Of course as cities get larger and larger, the challenge of dealing with mega-scale, overcoming its dehumanising effects and avoiding over-building becomes a central occupation.
Villages and rural communities lack economies of scale and are incapable of delivering the same network effects as cities.
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But troublesome questions have lingered, and the existence of large-scale rebound effects is not so easy to dismiss.
Active Network benefits from scale, network effects, and a value proposition that drives great efficiency as it helps move traditional offline pen-and-paper processes to the online world.
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Within each break point, the designer can set different rules and effects for how the elements will scale and transition into the adjacent break point.
The European Commission recently examined the effects of biofuel mandates, and decided to scale back by half its original 2020 target for transportation fuel made from food sources.
Motion capture can only feature three or fewer people at a time, so for the more complex fight sequences which will feature a cast of thousands, motion-capture data will be combined and special effects employed, to create a full-scale battlefield.
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But, policies that, largely, are unproven, especially on this scale and magnitude, have the potential for very counterproductive side effects.
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But whether they actually do this or whether sub-lethal effects occur and damage the colonies on any important scale has not been proven.
They have found a number of places, both in the night sky and in the laboratory, where the nature of space and time at the Planck scale would have indirect, but observable effects.
Integrated horticultural infrastructure and a national smart grid have three important things in common: They can begin to have positive effects at a small level and expand to large scale, they are long term, and they produce jobs with money that circulates within our economy.
Large-scale land concessions often generate a planning blight effect, which here refers to the uncertainty and deleterious effects on the social fabric and economic activities in targeted areas once a land allocation decision is made, or once negotiations between government and prospective investors have begun.
Its mission is to carry out Martin's experiment on a much grander scale, pouring iron ore into the ocean in an attempt to stimulate plankton growth and assess the wider effects on sea life.
At the scale of the clean energy sector as a whole the effects of the cash grant program have been substantial and positive.
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