The image of Hirohito as a pacifist patriot forms the core of Japan's modern orthodoxy.
Figuring his political career was over, Kucinich launched into a lengthy period of self-reflection and emerged as a committed pacifist.
They are torn by leadership disputes and, since entering the federal government for the first time in 1998, have lost much of their appeal as a somewhat wacky, pacifist protest party of the left.
It took some searching to find a single precedent, William Jennings Bryan, a pacifist who had resigned as secretary of state in 1915 because he believed American policy favoured joining the war in Europe.
The armed forces now talk a lot about flexibility, though this is not so much a voguish notion as a reflection of the difficulty of imagining threats to a country that is almost instinctively pacifist.
When drafted in 1942, he overcame his pacifist scruples and joined the navy as a junior officer.
Oddly, for instance, a radical Sunni preacher in Syria's northern city, Aleppo, known as Abu Qaqa, was allowed to recruit fighters openly but then declared himself a pacifist in 2004, before being assassinated a year ago.
And as he learned more about the extremes of fascism and communism, he became a convinced pacifist.
At home, first use provoked protest from the pacifist left, most dramatically against President Reagan, who was portrayed as a nuclear cowboy.
Of course, if you happen to be a pacifist by conviction, you probably hate all that Alexander stood for as well as what he did in war, but, if the premise of war be granted, he was surely a formidably great generalissimo.
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For openers, he was a pacifist who refused to serve in World War II, instead registering in 1942 as a conscientious objector.
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After only five months on the job, and in a shaky coalition of Social Democrats and semi-pacifist Greens, he has uncomfortably emerged as the first defence minister since 1945 to send German forces abroad to fight.
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