Bacteria-free animals spent significantly more time in the light box than their bacterially colonized littermates.

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Once the finished genome was inserted into the genome-free bacteria, the work regressed to the sort of microbiology that would have been familiar to the science's 19th-century pioneers.

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They found that colonizing an adult germ-free animal with normal gut bacteria had no effect on their behavior.

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Although these tests showed little difference between the group taking the probiotic, and the group taking the ingredient-free placebo, far fewer children receiving the bacteria developed eczema.

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It is a cell-free filtrate vaccine, which means it contains no dead or live bacteria in the preparation.

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In an oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment at a certain temperature, pH and salinity, the bacteria can produce a toxin that in very small amounts can cause life-threatening paralysis.

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As every biomedical scientist knows, GenBank is a free, public database of genetic sequence data that contains millions of sequences, from humans, bacteria, viruses, you name it.

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