Without some sort of biocide, vaccines would become infected with fungi and bacteria and that would cause all sorts of problems.

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Under the direction of Dr Sheelagh Campbell, they have now devised a process in which a small amount biocide is added to the electrolyte.

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His Kansas State spinout NanoScale Materials plans to register the magnesium oxide as a biocide with the EPA and build a factory to mass-produce the nanoparticles.

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