Others say it is irrelevant that the biological effect of the plant pills is not understood.

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Third, it would need to have a biological effect when ingested.

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"We've shown this is something that has a biological effect, " says Mark Tarnopolsky, a co-author of the study and a professor of pediatrics and medicine at McMaster University Medical Center in Hamilton, Ontario.

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But biological attacks may not take effect for several days making it much harder to mount an emergency response and cope with the mass hysteria among those who fear contamination.

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The biological basis for this complementary color effect is not well understood, nor is the depth of shadow, which is also an illusion.

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They note that it hits only one unproven mechanism behind stroke and that it may be necessary to hit multiple biological pathways to get a significant effect.

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The author says that no single innovation will have a more profound effect than the conversion of biological data.

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The bottom line is that for the time being, from a regulatory perspective each biosimilar version of an approved biological product will be regarded as, in effect, a completely new and distinct drug.

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From the use of surrogate endpoints (based on biological plausibility and the results of preclinical studies) to the distinction between correlation and causation, confounding (whether the effect size is too large to be explained away by confounding), and the hypothesis-generating nature of the inferential process.

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