The engineers also investigated dividing carriages with materials that soak up energy and reduce the impact of a blast wave.

BBC: Newcastle engineers research bomb-proof train carriages

The blast wave circled the planet three times.

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Xenex uses harmless xenon gas to blast a broad spectrum of UV wave- lengths in all of ten minutes.

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The dangerous pressure wave that causes primary blast injuries drops off quickly with distance, but shrapnel can cause injury far from the attack.

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If you doubt me, come to midtown Manhattan during an August heat wave and feel the blast of hot air from vents on buildings and the street.

CNN: Why we should expect more weather disasters

If an aggressor launches a nuclear device of whatever size and detonates it above the atmosphere and in the line of site of its target country, the x-rays and gamma rays emitted by the blast will cause an electromagnetic pulse, or wave a million times stronger than the strongest radio wave.

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