But compared with Western banks, which hold lots of esoteric securities, its assets are skewed towards bonds and paper that can be used as collateral to borrow from the Central Bank, lowering funding risk.

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The package allows Norwegian banks to swap toxic debt products like mortgage-backed securities for new government bonds, which can then be used as collateral for borrowing from the central bank.

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Protocolos official recognition of a land claim are now being issued as bar codes rather than as documents similar to title deeds that can be sold or used as collateral for bank loans.

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