However, beyond the smokestack, looking at the full life-cycle accounting for carbon of various biomass feedstocks, other reports have found that the source of the feedstock matters.

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The family then stopped using all carbon-producing transport, so they now walk or cycle.

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The seats are staggered, so the passenger sits both beside and behind the driver the car is narrow, with the cycle-fendered wheels out on carbon fiber struts.

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As environmentalist Bjorn Lomborg notes, manufacturing and charging electric cars over their life cycle can produce more carbon than small, gas-powered vehicles.

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That will help those who seek to understand the carbon cycle and with it, the consequences of greenhouse-gas-induced climate change.

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To those concerned about emissions, it emphasized that the 400, 000-barrel-a-day refinery, plus an integrated gasification combined cycle plant, could sequester carbon more cheaply than a coal plant.

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According to a life-cycle analysis, the land-based crops all were found to sequester more carbon than that incurred in growing them, while the contrary was true for growing algae, meaning that replacing fossil fuels by algal fuels could cause an overall increase in carbon emissions.

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Moreover, although controversial, life-cycle analysis indicates that fugitive methane emissions make shale gas obtained by hydraulic fracturing as carbon-intensive as coal.

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Natural gas emits 29% less carbon dioxide than oil and 45% less than coal, and it can be used in high-efficiency combined cycle power stations.

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