The rise and fall in both temperature and carbon dioxide, evident in Antarctic ice cores, was at first thought to be evidence of carbon dioxide driving climate change.
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An annual winter chills the southern hemisphere, creating around the pole a frost composed in large part of frozen carbon dioxide, or dry ice.
Much of it resulted from volcanoes blasting out gases like carbon dioxide and water vapour, which allowed ice (also a mineral) to form near the poles of Earth, and possibly on Mars too.
This is based on the way the climate behaved about 20, 000 years ago, at the peak of the last ice age, a period when carbon-dioxide concentrations leapt.
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The seasonal increase results from tons of carbon dioxide, which had been frozen into a southern winter ice cap, returning into the atmosphere as southern spring turns to summer.
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We're talking about frozen carbon dioxide, frozen other kinds of gases, but also water ice, and it's thought by most astronomers now that, originally, comets contributed a huge amount of water to Earth and a lot of what is now in our ocean.
Scientists measure historic carbon dioxide concentrations by, for example, locating trapped bubbles in the ice of ancient glaciers.
The Federation Aviation Authority limits how much dry ice can be on a plane because it releases carbon dioxide (too much can harm passengers and crew).
Before the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 ppm, and they were closer to 200 during the Ice Age, which is when sea levels shrank and polar places went from green to icy.
For a number of reasons, computer models with added atmospheric carbon dioxide preferentially warm the mid-and high-latitude land areas of the northern hemisphere that are ice-free, which also enhances summer melting of the relatively shallow ice in the Arctic Ocean.
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