The results are suggestive of some form of causal relationship between well-being and income .

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The study does not explain the connection or show a causal relationship, he said.

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The causal relationship between vicious talk and violent action is far less certain.

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Do you see any sort of causal relationship between the level of democracy or the level of authoritarianism and overall GDP growth?

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But there is little academically accepted evidence of a causal relationship.

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Tobacco has been around longer than the United States, and a causal relationship between smoking and cancer has been acknowledged by the U.S. government for over three decades.

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There was still a negative correlation between the size of the national debt and GDP growth, but there was no implied causal relationship or sudden change at 90 percent.

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There is no causal relationship between our survey and market direction (only correlations between the two), however, so actual returns over the next four and eight weeks could be significantly different.

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Because these studies are mainly observational, extensive research is under way to determine the causal relationship between vitamin D levels and disease as well as the role of increasing vitamin D intake.

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This is not the sole causal relationship, however.

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While such a causal relationship makes intuitive sense, at least to me, policymakers and businesses need a methodologically rigorous demonstration of such a link between psychological well-being and income before that link should influence decision making.

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As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small (and therefore not as robust as might be desirable) and the result showed an association, rather than a definite, causal relationship.

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There is no causal relationship at all.

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And to top it all off, Modern Portfolio Theory, which is drilled into the head of every finance major and, more to the point, every Certified Financial Analyst exam taker, tells them that finance has no discernible causal relationship with economics.

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The relationship appears causal?

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