In Chechnya itself, local ties and clan allegiances have always taken precedence over central authority.
The sudden change of power in Cairo has accelerated the collapse of central authority in Sinai.
Not so in Islam, in which most scholars (Islam has no central authority) deem fixed-interest payments forbidden.
At present, each country can spend as much as they desire without approval from a central authority.
Over the past 20 years or so, the power of Egypt's central authority in its hinterlands has weakened.
Ethnic Uzbeks and Hazaras, a Shia minority, have traditionally been sceptical of central authority and favour regional autonomy.
No central authority, no dictates or politicians urging us to do our bit.
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Layers of government deeply enmeshed in business, it was clear, were the main hindrance to reform and to central authority.
With no central authority guiding us, we work to produce goods and services that continually make our lives materially better.
Much of the south and east is being carved up into fiefs by Pushtun chieftains who answer to no central authority.
Mr Karzai has tried to coax powerful local commanders into supporting the central authority by offering them government jobs in Kabul.
Those enamored with state cures for any conceivable ill believe an overriding central authority should force dissimilar nations to act in unison.
Even as the electoral process steadily advances, worries persist about insecurity, attitudes to the law, and tendencies to flout the central authority.
In areas where there is resistance to the central authority, the army will operate as they always have: with total arrogance and impunity.
Now in Afghanistan, we are in the quintessential world of banditry and tribalism, a political culture that has abhorred and resisted central authority.
So the new government, when it finally takes shape, will face an early challenge to ensure that such militias submit to the central authority.
Without such a fundamental restructuring of these institutions dealing with the Western financial community, the most threatening aspects of central authority could be maintained and perhaps strengthened.
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Around 60 militias sprang up in the heat of the rebellion and its aftermath, many of them loth to submit to the rule of the new central authority.
Retired Colonel BOB KILLEBREW (Army): Not under central authority, certainly not with any discernable political motive except to cause chaos and eventually drive the US out of their country.
Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society's ills can be cured through government alone.
Even local political supervision of the police is desirable, provided there is some ultimate central authority to enforce standards and ensure that local forces do not merge with paramilitaries.
As for those eight local veteran outreach centers established by that 1999 law, critics say they are generally isolated from one another and receive minimal guidance from a central authority.
The growing disenchantment of the Pushtuns only adds to the problems of President Karzai, who has been struggling to expand central authority over an insecure country divided by local rivalries.
Long-time observers see the Bonn meeting as a last chance to create a central authority that gives the country coherence without repression and modernises without trampling traditional ways of life.
Essentially anyone who dreads untrammeled central authority was suspect.
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Some government officials have privately recommended that the national forces use force to disband the holdouts, citing the escalating threat of allowing these groups to remain armed and unanswerable to central authority.
Leveraging the breakthroughs of public-key cryptography, bitcoin also uses peer-to-peer networking to operate without a central authority whereby the new issuance and transaction verification functions are carried out collectively by the network.
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Corruption is rife within all Afghan government organs, and central authority is barely felt in the lawless south and south-west, where opium production rose several hundred percent in provinces such as Farah this year.
Mr Putin had plenty on his plate already: his government is trying to push a radical income-tax reform through parliament, decide on an economic policy and restore central authority over Russia's 89 regions and republics.
The group of Mas'ud Barzani was informed of this issue, and it supported extending help to Jalal Talabani to get rid of this pocket in northern Iraq, which is outside the control of the central authority.
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