With the help of a telescope, it then identifies chemical elements in the vaporized atoms.
These epic processes melted and reprocessed vast amounts of rock and concentrated chemical elements in new ways.
We know from scientific studies on Earth that, given the right chemical elements and some energy, organic compounds form.
These organizations help to maintain standard terminology for chemistry and physics, and also recognize the discoveries of chemical elements.
One of the chemical elements in Mercury's atmosphere is sodium, a gas somewhat easy to detect because it reflects sunlight very efficiently.
In 1948 George Gamow, a fellow pioneer of nuclear physics, added Mr Bethe's name without asking to a paper that explained how chemical elements had been made in the Big Bang.
ECONOMIST: Hans Bethe, nuclear physicist, died on March 6th, aged 98
However, the abiotic theory of petroleum generation found force in Russia and Ukraine, proposed by such greats as Dmitri Mendeleev (who devised the Periodic Table the classifies the chemical elements), Alexander von Humboldt and Marcellin Berthelot.
The chemical industry took off within a decade or so of Dmitri Mendeleev's arrangement of the chemical elements into the periodic table, just as radio communications followed James Clerk Maxwell's mathematical unification of electricity and magnetism, and antibiotics came after Pasteur and Koch.
Although APXS and ChemCam will tell you which chemical elements are present, they don't tell you how precisely those atoms are arranged into the crystalline structures that make up the rock, and both this mineralogy and the chemical composition are ideally needed to assign a rock name.
As well as using the rover's X-ray spectrometer on Whitewater Lake and Kirkwood to determine the chemical elements present, and thus get a better idea of their mineralogical composition, the team needs to work out the order and position of the rock layers to tell them something of their relative ages.
Some isotopes can mimic the chemical reactions of the elements you eat.
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Mr. Lenz added that as unexploded bombs grow older, they are becoming ever more unstable, and increasingly likely to explode, as the elements deteriorate their chemical detonators.
Asked about possible chemical weapons use in Syria, Yaalon said that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had said that allowing any "rogue elements to put their hands on chemical weapons from the Syrian chemical arsenal" would represent a red line.
The Iranian regime is acting to retain and modernize key elements of its offensive chemical weapons research and development capability and dispersed mobilization facilities, and probably has an offensive biological weapons program.
In 2011, the US director of national intelligence concluded that Syria remained "dependent on foreign sources for key elements" of its chemical weapons programme, including precursor chemicals, which are generally dual-use chemicals that can be combined to produce blister or nerve agents.
The crucial component is a thin membrane laced with expensive elements that helps conduct the chemical reaction.
According to Dr Eastlund, breaking nuclear waste up into its constituent elements using a fusion torch would have a number of advantages over the chemical approach.
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