It works by forcing fuel directly into the combustion chamber of each cylinder to mix air and gas simultaneously at the point of combustion, rather than mixing air and gas in a separate chamber like more conventional engines.
The difference between turbocharging and supercharging is simple: a turbocharger boosts engine air pressure by using exhaust gas to power a turbine that pushes more air into the combustion chamber.
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One is exhaust gas recirculation, which pumps cooled exhaust back into the engine air intake, lowering the combustion temperature and reducing NOx formation.
Amazingly complex internal-combustion engines give great performance and clean air, and the new hybrids (gasoline and electric) go 21 kilometers on a liter.
The four stages are: air intake, compression, combustion and exhaust.
First, when released into the air as a result of incomplete combustion (from sources as varied as badly serviced diesel engines and forest fires), soot particles absorb sunlight, and so warm up the atmosphere.
This fan is used to blow up to 90% of the air around the outside of the compressor and combustion chamber.
Two other techniques, called gasification and oxy-combustion, work by reacting coal with pure oxygen rather than air, and thus produce exhausts that require little treatment before burial.
For instance, when you do combustion studies, flames on Earth burn in a teardrop fashion because the air comes in from underneath it and feeds the flame, but we can't do that here since the air doesn't know where up is, there's no convection.
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These devices, which work by combining hydrogen with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, are popular candidates to replace internal-combustion engines in road vehicles.
The same amount of energy from a combustion power plant is produced daily by combining 20 million pounds of coal with 200 million pounds of air, not incidentally yielding an equal weight in ashes and gases.
Solid waste combustion, sewage treatment, stone quarrying, marinas, and oil and coal-fired power plants have air pollution damages larger than their value added.
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Consider, for example, a spate of new studies that have found a rather convincing correlation between the presence of small particulate matter (PM2.5, the fine particles blown into the air by road traffic, coal-fired power plants, industrial manufacturing, and residential wood fuel combustion) and both obesity and diabetes.
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The air then travels through a passage connected to the cylinders on the right side of the engine, where combustion takes place.
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