At that time the insurance industry was split into compulsory insurance and voluntary insurance.
Compulsory insurance included railway, steamship, and airport passenger accidental injury insurance, while voluntary insurance included employee group life insurance and simple life insurance.
But commercial policyholders, such as the London Fire Brigade and the Surrey County Cricket Club, are legally entitled only to claims made on compulsory insurance policies.
Continental countries like Sweden pay for most of their health service through taxation or compulsory insurance (which amounts to much the same thing) but most make patients pay a user fee.
Most other countries are not for any system of taxation (and compulsory insurance through the tax system will be the same on this point) does not include the major cost of taxation: the deadweight cost on the rest of the economy.
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All legal residents covered by public health insurance funded by compulsory social health insurance contributions from employers and employees with no option to opt out.
The number of papers opposing compulsory health insurance has jumped from about 100 to 432.
In 1945, months after Earl Warren proposed compulsory health insurance in California, Harry Truman proposed a national program.
These same people now face a stiff fine to avoid compulsory health insurance.
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And so, in January of 1945, during his State of the State address, he announced his proposal for comprehensive, compulsory health insurance for the state of California.
Since 1996, members of the compulsory state health-insurance scheme there have had a choice between competing insurers, all of which had to provide a standard package of benefits.
Insurance is not compulsory for motorised wheelchairs, although the Department of Health does recommend third party cover.
Conservative Karl McCartney suggested it should be made compulsory to display a valid insurance certificate or sticker in the window of a vehicle, in the same way a tax disk had to be shown.
Making it compulsory for the healthy to buy insurance (which they are unlikely to need for some time) would be the obvious way to lower the average premiums.
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The US healthcare reform law was approved in March last year, making it compulsory for Americans to buy medical insurance and illegal for insurance companies to deny coverage to customers with pre-existing conditions.
But compulsory disclosure of test results will also cause enormous changes in the insurance industry.
Mrs Laing called for a number of measures aimed at controlling dangerous dogs, including compulsory micro-chipping, creating dog-free areas in parks and a system of dog insurance.
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