This recent article in the New York Times describes how American oil folks have figured out how to extractcrude that is trapped in rock that is largely surrounded by shale.
The solar steam is being injected into wells to make it easier to extract heavy crude from a 120-year-old oil field in the Central Valley town of Coalinga.
Many if not most of these countries have comparatively few or no regulation related to e-waste, which allows the use of crude, unsafe methods to extract the minerals exists.
Off the coast of Brazil, it has leased 39, 000 square kilometers as much as its vast holdings in the North Sea and hopes to extract billions of barrels of crude.