The rest are hidden inside companies that have created custom code alongside Salesforce software they're already running.

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The researchers dubbed their custom code Frost - Forensic Recovery of Scrambled Telephones.

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His proof-of-concept was crafted from 22 webcams and some custom code, but when Kinect came out, he realized that he could use the sensor bar instead.

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Customization often appears to lock in existing systems, but the question for CIOs is whether the custom code supports a unique capability that provides a competitive advantage or whether it is merely nice to have.

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Where Twitter does use Ruby, it deploys the code on a custom, highly optimized version of the Ruby runtime designed to manage memory more efficiently when executing long-running processes.

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Anyone from the open-source community can tinker with one part of the code and produce a custom-configured operating system.

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The code they espouse is a combination of Islamic puritanism and Pashtun custom, the basic tenets of which are honour, revenge and respect for private property.

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The platform depends on a custom, minimalist core that refuses to run any software that isn't baked in and has no code outside of its main purposes: there'll be no water supply shutdowns after the night watch plays Solitaire from an infected drive.

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