In a study from India, kidney transplant patients had crushed donorkidney tissue injected into their thymus - the body's "immune engine room" where cells can be "educated".
According to an investigation by the CDC and New York city and state health officials, a kidney transplant recipient contracted the virus from a donor in an unnamed New York City hospital in 2009.
Most nations have instead adopted highly regulated donation systems like the United Network of Organ Sharing in the U.S. UNOS monitors each kidney, lung, heart or liver available from a deceased donor going to a patient on a wait list.
Roy J Thomas, of Kidney Wales Foundation, said despite decades of campaigns encouraging people to join the donor register, someone dies every week in Wales while waiting for a transplant.