The study is observational -- meaning the researchers followed people over time -- rather than interventional (say, having some people watch TV and others read a book), which is the gold standard for research proving cause and effect.
The aim was to discuss, identify different environmental problems in Maldives and Seychelles, and also to identify the cause, effect and different solutions for the identified problems.
In June 2001, Merrill cited the effect of decimalization on Nasdaq spreads as a cause for missing Street earnings estimates by 30%.
Although unlikely to have any effect if it did happen, the principle is cause for concern.
Whatever you think about their approach, the Nobel committee has decided to honour Sargent and Sims for their "empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy".
The Farley, in effect, had become an outlaw ship a cause for celebration by its crew.
But if even an estimated ten percent choose to leave the service - let alone forty percent of Marines, who, according to the leakers, think repeal will cause problems - the effect will be traumatic, and possibly devastating for the U.S. armed forces.
If cause and effect get muddled up in time, what does that do for our notions of reality?
Cause and effect is unclear, but surely Google investors were voicing approval for the FTC decision and the end of the 18-month investigation.
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But the Holy Grail for marketers always has been, and always will be, cause-and-effect.
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The unexpected study is to check for a common but deadly side effect called QT prolongation, in which the electrical signals that cause the heart to beat are drawn out.
It's difficult to show a perfect cause-and-effect relationship when it comes to migration patterns, as individuals and families move for a wide range of reasons.
It now has the highest debt-to-GDP ratio among the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and that debt is a prime cause, as well as effect, of Japan's enduring stagnation.
Some may contend that this is not a serious cause for concern because cuts on the U.S. side will similarly not have gone into effect.
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