There is no precedent in Scotland for force feeding a prisoner on hunger strike.

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Another parallel which I put to the secretary of state at her news conference this morning is with John Gummer force feeding his daughter with beef burgers while insisting that British beef was safe.

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Thinking about putting an isolated innovation ingredient into an organization and expecting that to make a difference is simply taking a piece of the innovation paradigm model and force feeding it into the organizational paradigm model.

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The force-feeding process, called gavage, causes the animals liver to expand up to 10 times its size.

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"When we force-feed ducks and geese and we stop the force-feeding, the liver recesses to normal, " Daguin says.

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Although not specifically banned under international law, force-feeding of prisoners is prohibited under the World Medical Association's 1975 Declaration of Tokyo, which has been endorsed by the American Medical Association.

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According to Dr Andre Menache, one of Noah's senior members and a Jerusalem-based veterinary surgeon, the ruling's stress on cruelty means any alternative to force-feeding will have to be provably non-harmful.

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Indeed the NYRR and its marathon are well known for the care and feeding of their runners, with a volunteer force 8, 000 strong.

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Many livestock farmers are losing money feeding high-priced grain to their herds, which could force them to shrink the size of their operations.

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