The loopholes in the flight management system were detailed by Mr Teso during a presentation to the Hack In The Box conference in Amsterdam.

BBC: Hacker targets flight deck computer systems

For the Flight Quest, the challenge is to create an algorithm for a flight management system that reduces flight delays from the current 18 to 22% inefficiency.

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"The described technique cannot engage or control the aircraft's autopilot system using the (Flight Management System) or prevent a pilot from overriding the autopilot, " the FAA said.

CNN: Hacker says phone app could hijack plane