Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery conservators are employing a technique called X-ray Fluorescence (XRF).

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Such techniques include fluorescence, paramagnetic resonance, microcalometry, circular dicroism, dual wavelength spectrophotometry, stop-flow spectrometry among others.

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In the Red Sea, we were the first ever to film the fluorescence in Eritrean corals.

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This fluorescence is a telltale sign of which atoms are present and a rough idea of how many there are.

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Crossing expanses never remotely surveyed, they will gather 2.25 million data points about salinity, water temperature, waves, weather, fluorescence and dissolved oxygen.

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The study measured the amount of pixels of fluorescence remaining after cleaning.

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The antibodies were tagged with a fluorescence marker so that the time and place of the structures' emergence in the cell cycle could be noted and imaged.

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Those made by his firm use advanced laser-fluorescence technology: more accurate, simpler, cheaper and more robust, he says, than the gas-chromatography apparatus in common use so far.

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Pacific Biosciences of Menlo Park, California, for example, eschews nanopores in favour of a technique that uses fluorescence to watch DNA molecules being built up, base by base, though it reckons it will not have a product until 2010.

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Previous studies of Trois Hommes Armes de Lances had used X-ray fluorescence - which yields a list of all the atoms within an object - but showed that there were atoms present in the work that were not present on the surface.

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