If they refused to pay, the vultures would sue anyone who dealt with that country - effectively shutting down all of a nation's foreigntrade and putting them out of business unless they paid up.
They worked with the National ForeignTrade Council, the U.S.-Japan Business Council, and the Japan-U.S. Business Council, and got support from members of the U.S. Congress.
He does not condemn outright the reforms of 1991, which entailed deregulating business and opening India up (partially) to foreigntrade and investment.
Perhaps the most frequently heard argument in favor of permanent normal trade relations with China is that without it, we will lose the China business to foreign competitors.