Roughly 80-90 percent of the total annual hard currency income of the former USSR is comprised of exports of oil, gas, gold and arms.
Of particular importance was his path-breaking analysis of documents from the former USSR, including memoirs published by officials associated with the Kremlin's anti-ballistic missile programs.
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Last, but not least, it puts the U.S. taxpayer at further risk of vast losses when (not if) the former USSR defaults on repayment of these debts.
By contrast, other forms of Western assistance intended to affect the prospects for long-term economic viability in the former USSR must be strictly conditioned on systemic reform .
The chief Russian statistician, Vladimir Sokolin, backed Mr Gref's assertions by saying that Russia was entering "the stage of tough competition for immigrants with European and former USSR countries".
The United States is concerned about the command and control of Soviet nuclear weapons, the potential for ethnic strife inside the former USSR and the international implications of economic collapse there.
Third, the Russians will probably not agree to reschedule the debt owed to the former USSR, improving the prospects of repayment to Moscow thanks to a Western taxpayer-subsidized debt-relief for Syria.
During the recent IMF-World Bank annual meetings in Bangkok, the G-7 nations publicly feigned consensus on providing emergency financial aid to the former USSR to help avoid a foreign debt payments crisis.
That Congress confronts just such a stark choice has been made clear by the new agreements reached in Tallinn, Estonia late last week by 13 of the 15 republics of the former USSR.
It is only sensible and fair that the true democratic forces in the former USSR not be penalized by those in the West who contributed so enthusiastically to propping up a repressive communist regime.
Meanwhile, back in Russia, the Libya allies at the former USSR-run newswire, Pravda, wrote in an op-ed by Lisa Karpova for the wire that NATO is popping the cork on the champagne too early on this fight.
The grim times most people are undergoing in the former USSR - where the principle of "making money by any means" is king - are never far from Bryantsev's mind, and particularly the lack of investment in education and culture.
Israeli journalist Lily Galili, who has just published a book about Russian-speaking Israelis called The One Million That Changed The Middle East, explains that the newcomers from the former USSR have a "winning combination" of being right-wing and not religious.
To the contrary, as evidenced in his recent interview on CNN, he continues to believe that the Soviet Union must maintain forces equivalent to those of the United States -- with ominous implications for the destitute economy of the former USSR.
Of course, the Russians and the Soviets before them have been adept at ignoring provisions of treaties that prove inconvenient. (In fact, such a practice has allowed the former USSR to deploy a full-up territorial anti-missile defense prohibited by the ABM Treaty).
Specifically, by offering appropriate incentives to "qualifying" republics engaged in wholesale democratic and free market institution-building, and disincentives to those that are not, the West can help create conditions inside the former USSR that simultaneously advance Western interests and those of the Soviet people.
It will also help ensure that the debate about U.S. and Western security policy is informed by the true state of play in the former USSR, and not simply seductive rhetoric from a reconfigured Moscow center or wishful thinking in Washington and allied capitals.
If the United States provides a blanket MFN to the entire former USSR, we actually dilute our leverage to encourage reforms through a well-crafted incentive system one that would be more conducive to U.S. trade and investment and that would offer real hope for the Soviet people.
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Entitled "Soviet Transformation Watch, " this effort will help Western policy-makers, publics and media recognize the differences between developments in the former USSR that represent genuine structural reform and those of a more cosmetic nature that seem, instead, designed to help preserve institutions and instrumentalities of repressive central control.
As such, Gorbachev is serving as an agent of the old guard, the unreconstructed communists, KGB and other bureaucrats and members of the military-industrial complex those desperately trying to avoid the loss of power and perquisites that would accompany a democratic and free market transformation of the former USSR.
As such, Gorbachev is serving as an agent of the old guard, the unreconstructed communists, KGB and other bureaucrats and members of the military-industrial complex -- those desperately trying to avoid the loss of power and perquisites that would accompany a democratic and free market transformation of the former USSR.
Such a devolution which is still being resisted by Gorbachev, Yavlinsky and others who remain tied to Moscow center and key Western governments and business interests is the single best hope for transforming the threat posed in the past by Soviet military power and securing economic freedom for the people of the former USSR.
Such a devolution -- which is still being resisted by Gorbachev, Yavlinsky and others who remain tied to Moscow center and key Western governments and business interests -- is the single best hope for transforming the threat posed in the past by Soviet military power and securing economic freedom for the people of the former USSR.
Through such a process of offering rewards for achieving specific milestones of structural change along democratic and free-market lines, the United States can help fashion a trading relationship with the emerging independent republics of the former USSR that will be far more beneficial both to this country and to those who were previously subjects of the Soviet empire.
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It took American victory in the Cold War, World War III, led by Reagan and proclaimed by him at Moscow State University, to bring basic democracy and human rights to the former constituent republics of the USSR and to Eastern Europe.
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Urge those doing business with the USSR to subscribe to established principles such as those advocated by former Soviet dissident Vladimir Slepak relating trade and financial practices to respect for human rights.
The bad news is that -- with the ascendancy in Moscow of Arkady Volsky, USTEC's former Soviet co-chairman and current leader of the political arm of the USSR's military-industrial complex known as "Civic Union" -- the successor group evidently intends to pick up where USTEC left off.
Since he emerged from the shadows as Boris Yeltsin's last Prime Minister and heir apparent, he has made a point of demonstrating his continuing loyalties to the institutions of the old Soviet Union, most especially the "power ministries" of the former KGB internal security and intelligence apparatuses and what's left of the USSR's military.
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Germany has granted the USSR the right to continue to station as many as 380, 000 Soviet troops on former East German territory through 1994.
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