Respiring yeast cells release carbon dioxide which gets trapped and so forms tiny gas bubbles.

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The seawater down there is so cold that when natural gas bubbles out of the well into the water it forms methane hydrates, which clog the uptake pipe.

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Instead, they form minute, pancake-shaped gas bubbles.

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But Dr Bruel found that if a hydrogen-treated wafer is first fused to another wafer that has been given a glass coating, the force of the gas bubbles will instead cause a thin silicon film to peel off the one and on to the other.

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Too much oxygen and the toxic ammonia in waste won't convert to nitrogen gas, which bubbles out.

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But microscopic bubbles of gas have a tendency to collapse within a few seconds, and so must be injected close to the site of interest.

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