Then in 2007 UEC was investigated and sued for failing to properly plug exploration wells, allegedly leading to groundwater pollution.
An earlier version of Nocton's plan was opposed by Britain's Environment Agency (EA), which was worried about the risk of groundwater pollution from animal waste.
In those outtakes Donziger downplayed the lack of evidence of groundwater pollution by saying the plaintiffs could win the case anyway, perhaps through popular pressure on the judge.
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In fact both the EPA and the Ground Water Protection Council, a nonprofit made up of state regulatory agencies, have published studies determining that no documented evidence of fracking-sourced groundwater pollution has been found.
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During the consultations governance challenges in arid and semi-arid areas were discussed and how institutions can be better equipped to deal with risks and uncertainties, emerging out of climate change, population growth, urban-rural tensions and groundwater pollution.
And while the Energy Policy Act of 2005 prevents the EPA from explicitly regulating fracking wells under the Safe Drinking Water Act, both the EPA and the Ground Water Protection Council, a nonprofit made up of state regulatory agencies, have published studies determining that no documented evidence of fracking-sourced groundwater pollution has been found.
Researchers are developing new and ingenious ways of protecting surface waters and groundwater systems from pollution, and ensuring better water management.
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Some of these technological solutions are causing their own problems fertilizer causes water pollution and groundwater is dwindling in a lot of places.
The lack of effective governance is cited as one of the main causes of groundwater depletion, aquifer pollution and possibly inequitable allocation.
Although widespread pollution of groundwater by fracking seems unlikely (shales that hold gas typically lie far deeper than groundwater supplies), such risks have raised a great deal of environmental concern about the technology.
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Despite these real concerns over unsustainable abstraction rates and pollution, groundwater resources, if carefully managed, can make a major contribution to meeting the demand for water in the future and to adapting to climate change.
He travels around Oklahoma, measuring pollution in the groundwater near oil refineries.
Environmentalists say public knowledge of the chemicals can help landowners near oil and gas projects know what types of pollution to test for in their groundwater.
Water is a more serious problem, both because a lot of it is needed to frack wells and because local groundwater is seen to be at risk of pollution.
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Other concerns include potential impacts to groundwater in the event of a spill and high pollution from refineries along the Gulf Coast that would process the bitumen.
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Besides worsening air quality, the Southern Metropolis Daily flags up a government survey showing that over 90% of the nation's groundwater is polluted to varying degrees, with severe pollution found in over 60% of the sources.
In environmental news, Xinhua flags up a survey by the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences showing that only 22.2%of shallow groundwater in the North China Plain is drinkable because of pollution.
The conservation group says the problem is responsible for pollution, shrinkage of coastal wetlands and the tapping of non-renewable groundwater in some regions.
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