It was the biggest contributor to inter-Korean trade and provided the North with much-needed hard currency.
Neither Poland nor Hungary has adequate hard currency holdings to meet basic national requirements.
The prosperity that this foundation of hard currency enabled was unparalleled in human history.
But that's not the same as paying cold hard currency for specific levels of exposure.
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Many families rely on remittances from relations abroad, now Cuba's largest source of hard currency.
This dynamic combination of factors has garnered Beijing, among other things, vast hard currency reserves.
Hard currency, natural resources, arms, and diplomatic support are the basis for this strategic triangle.
The instruments were given to the agency in return for wages and then exported for hard currency.
The pact's original rationale was to safeguard the credibility of the newborn euro as a hard currency.
Remittances in hard currency funnelled through hawala (Islamic word-of-mouth banks) may have more to do with it.
Prestige and acclaim are hard currency in the film business, in many ways more valuable than money.
PDVSA, the state oil company, is the source of over 90% of the hard currency entering the country.
What happens if say we go to a hard currency, say gold backed dollar in a fixed relationship?
It is true that Russia's problem is a lack of hard currency, not a lack of hard assets.
Revenues: The primary source of hard currency for Iran is the export of oil and natural gas.
Foreign companies must pay the wages owed to their employees directly to the Cuban government in hard currency.
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But credit to tide over economies short of hard currency is also indispensable.
Many investors prefer the hard currency funds in order to avoid currency risk.
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One diplomat told Marketplace Africa that this dam will be "like an ATM of hard currency for Ethiopia".
Desperate for hard currency, the government imposed curbs on imports and foreign-exchange transactions.
Yemen's nascent coalition government, facing shortfalls in hard currency, fuel, electricity and food, is now working to mend those ties.
Disputes over control of hard currency revenue streams and precious resources like oil, gas, gold, diamonds, platinum must be expected.
The sanctions are preventing Iran from getting hold of the hard currency it needs to defend its peg, among other things.
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There must be full data disclosure on Soviet hard currency reserves and deposits, including strategic gold reserves, to be independently verified.
Most of the virtual goods such as clothes, armor or even sunglasses can be sold in online auctions for hard currency.
Oil and gas are the country's biggest exports, earning hard currency that is seen as a key ingredient of economic revival.
Surely, as other republics see that their market access and hard currency revenues are enhanced with these actions, others will follow suit.
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When crisis hits, fear of devaluation could spark a rush out of bank deposits into cash, and from cash into hard currency.
Although it did not grow as quickly last year as in recent years, it brings in billions of dollars of hard currency.
The other main source of hard currency, money sent by Cubans living in the US, has dropped by as much as half.
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