Emos are sometimes seen as a younger off-shoot of the Goth scene, Hodkinson suggests, though emo also has connections to hardcore punk.

BBC: How are goths and emos defined?

The musical roots of emo lie in the 1980s US hardcore punk scene, when some bands pioneered a heart-on-sleeve subgenre known as "emo-core" or "emotional hardcore".

BBC: Rock cult or nice kids that do their homework?

Around 1980-81, there was a spontaneous scene of young bands issuing singles of super fast hardcore punk, most of which subscribed to a certain formula of thrash.

NPR: The Mix Tape: Art and Artifact

Tamar-Kali, an Afro-punk and hardcore singer, songwriter and guitarist, is part of a scene not encompassed by Lilith's version of diversity.

NPR: 8 min 19 sec

Federal authorities described Cousin Sleaze as a punk band, though its website suggests its style is more hardcore metal.

WSJ: Feds: NY cop in punk band faked arm injury