During his six years as prime minister five of them with a parliamentary minority until he won a majority at an election last year Mr Harper has acquired a reputation for playing fast and loose with the rules.
Had Mr Leung won an election, he would at least be able to point to popular support.
More important, many Democrats blame Mr Gore for losing an election he should have won easily.
After Blair's government won an election two weeks later, he quit the company and was brought back into the cabinet.
Then, two years ago, he won a second term with an overwhelming majority in an election regarded in the West as being neither free nor fair.
In Azerbaijan, former Soviet Party boss Heydar Aliyev took power in a 1993 coup, cemented by an "election" in which he won almost 99% of the vote.
Mr Passmore said he was "honoured and privileged" to have won an "historic and important election".
Bush won the White House after an unprecedented post-election battle in Florida, where he and rival Al Gore clashed over the count of thousands of disputed presidential ballots.
"There's a perceived need -- even if you've won an election -- to retain the image of speaking for a population, " he said.
More than four months after an election that he officially lost, leftist leader Andres Manuel Lopez-Obrador says he won, and yesterday he declared himself the legitimate president of Mexico.
NPR: Mexico's Obrador Vows to Continue Fighting for the Presidency
Having lost an election in Manchester, Churchill was handed a safe Liberal seat in Dundee, which he won comfortably in a by-election.
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