In the 1980s the natural immune protein interleukin-2 was touted as a breakthrough.
Those drugs aim to improve on current treatment regimens based on the immune protein alpha interferon--which often don't work and have an array of nasty side effects.
The gene forces the body into producing too much of an immune system protein called interleukin-1.
Another immune-boosting therapy against cancer, the natural immune system protein interleukin-2, has been limited by severe side effects.
Existing drug regimens are based on various genetically engineered versions of the natural immune system protein alpha interferon combined with a second chemical, ribavirin.
University researchers had just pinpointed a source: a bad gene that causes the body to produce an oversupply of interleukin-1, an immune system protein.
Existing hep C treatments, based on bioengineered versions of the natural immune system protein alpha interferon, attack the virus indirectly and work half the time, at best, for the most common strain.
Biologics like Amgen's Enbrel--a protein drug for immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis--have become blockbusters.
Enbrel works by blocking a long-mysterious protein in the immune system known as tumor necrosis factor, or TNF.
Designed to treat kidney cancer, TroVax works by encouraging the immune system to attack a protein found in solid cancers.
It trained the patient's own immune system to attack a protein called beta-amyloid that many scientists believe is implicated in Alzheimer's.
The vaccine, called Stimuvax, aims to stimulate the immune system to attack a protein fragment called MUC-1 found on lung, breast, prostate and colon tumors.
Biologics like Amgen's (nasdaq: AMGN - news - people ) Enbrel--a protein drug for immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis--have become blockbusters.
The immune system cells produce a protein called interleukin-6 (IL-6) that contributes to the overgrowth of lymphatic cells and leads to many of the signs and symptoms of Castleman disease.
It works by neutralizing a protein produced by your immune system known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
In the mid-1990s Vertex chemists crafted compounds that block a key kinase protein that unleashes toxic immune-system molecules in arthritic joints.
The nicotine vaccine (NicVAX), currently under development by Nabi Biopharmaceuticals, is a chemical derivative of nicotine that is linked to a protein that induces an immune response.
The nasal spray flu vaccine, which is an option for people ages 2 to 49 years without certain conditions such as asthma, diabetes or a suppressed immune system, contains more egg protein than the injections and should not be given to anyone with an egg allergy.
These are part of the immune system and, if suitably treated with a substance called a fusion protein, can be used to make prostate-cancer cells vulnerable to immune attack.
In those with a milder form of the disease, they found a protein associated with a bacterial immune response - interferon-gamma.
Once injected, the protein-nicotine combo triggers the immune system to create nicotine-specific antibodies.
On the other hand acquiring this protein too slowly would give the immune system time to launch a response before the virus can escape - killing the virus and preventing infection, they said.
Protein subunit vaccines: Instead of training the immune system to recognize DNA, these vaccines train it to recognize bits of proteins that are part of the virus.
The treatment involves taking a patient's T-cells, the infection- and disease-fighting cells of the immune system, and genetically modifying them to target a protein called CD19, which is present on ALL cells.
The key finding for vaccine development is that the "head" and "body" portions of the VP4 protein contain many of the targets that the immune system recognises when it attacks the virus and protects against infection, they say.
Through further experiments in human cells and animal studies the researchers found that a protein called NF-kB lured zinc into the immune cells that responded fastest to fight infection.
This is done in the hope that the protein will keep its shape better, and the immune system will thus be able to produce antibodies that recognise the real thing when they encounter it on a wild virus.
The protein is a growth factor that leads to the production of certain immune cells, called B-cells.
Some 30% to 40% of melanoma tumors contain a rare protein called NY-ESO-1 that looks suspicious to the immune system.
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