Universities needed an income surplus of between 3% and 4% a year "for reinvestment and to fund future developments".

BBC: Students have fought the government's plans

Unlike the goods and services prices index, the GDP deflator measures change In compensation of employees, operating surplus (including mixed income), and consumption of fixed assets arisen from changes in prices and nominal net taxes.

UNESCO: Belarus: Report: Part I: Descriptive Section

The private sector thrived, jobs were created, the middle class grew -- its income grew -- millions rose out of poverty, we ran a surplus.

WHITEHOUSE: President Obama and President Clinton Speak on Better Building Initiative Investments | The White House