Examples: Sensors to sniff potential chemical weapons will improve industrial processes and environmental monitoring.
Energy is typically 5% of the cost of basic industrial processes, though more for some.
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Thermoelectric materials convert low-grade heat wasted in industrial processes or exhaust systems of a vehicle into electricity.
Also, Japanese industrial processes are famously innovative in making specialized manufacturing more efficient.
They started off making wire baskets for bagels years ago, but now make specialised wire baskets for industrial processes.
But no one has been able yet to turn these breakthroughs into industrial processes that can produce something useful on a large scale at reasonable cost.
Combined heat and power (CHP) systems have long been used to generate electricity and use the waste heat for other purposes, especially for industrial processes.
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Mercury can be released into the environment through a number of industrial processes including mining, metal and cement production, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Dr Palsson and his colleagues at Genomatica are now applying the same modelling methods to other micro-organisms, including human pathogens and micro-organisms used in industrial processes.
Some can be sold for industrial processes, such as brickmaking.
Beans will be turned into chocolate on Tcho's elaborate production line, which is being used as a test-bed for remote video-monitoring of industrial processes by researchers at Fuji Xerox in Palo Alto.
Naoto Kan, secretary-general of the opposition Democratic Party, proposes several traditional environmental schemes, such as promoting windmills and tightening rules on dioxin, a pollutant produced by some industrial processes which can cause birth defects.
You really have to give the anti-development movement credit: It has been extremely effective in sowing indecision, uncertainty, and media-fed hype about some of the most benign, safe, and effectively-regulated industrial processes and projects this country has ever seen.
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The ministers also prohibited the export to Iran of further materials relevant to the Iranian nuclear and ballistic programmes or to industries controlled by the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC), including graphite, raw or semi-finished metals such as aluminium and steel, as well as software for integrating industrial processes.
It means looking at radically new industrial processes which simply replace previous kinds of industrial manufacturing with sophisticated bionumetics and nanotech approaches, to cutting down the material intensity and energy intensity of production, this is the kind of thing you need to do to stay competitive in the modern world.
Other patents deal with the isolation of enzymes important for industrial processes, the isolation of cellular compounds that guarantee unique properties (such as resistance to extreme pressure and salinity) and the discovery of mechanisms ensuring resistance to extreme temperatures and toxicity, these extreme properties being of interest for both biomedical and industrial applications.
The BCG report details the major industry and company trends that have emerged since the survey began and maps the innovation landscape in four major industries that dominated the list in 2012 industrial products and processes, automotive, consumer and retail, and technology and telecommunications as well as in an industry that has struggled to regain its place: health care.
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These, he says, are 1, 500 times better than existing sensors at detecting hydrogen. (The gas combines with the tubes, changing their electrical properties.) Hydrogen detection is used to help control certain processes in industrial food production, for tweaking fuel combustion in car engines, and in monitoring certain bacterial infections.
In the past year, for example, Dr Seddon and Tom Welton, a chemist at Imperial College London, have shown that one of the most important and difficult processes in industrial organic chemistry, the Diels-Alder reaction (which links carbon atoms together and thus allows big molecules to be assembled) can work better in ionic than in conventional solvents.
Whereas in previous decades these traits gave clusters advantages over the big industrial sprawl of competing western economies, these days the processes are too inefficient to be competitive in all but the highest-value segments.
Last year, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs decided that the link between air-borne dioxin (an ingredient in Agent Orange, and also a common air-borne pollutant emitted by waste incineration, some chemical manufacturing processes, cars and trucks, and other industrial sources that burn fuel) and diabetes was so strong, it compensated 270, 000 veterans for diabetes linked to dioxin exposure.
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The need to sustain such processes has led to major new construction projects at all of the industrial sites involved in nuclear weapons work.
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During the Industrial Age, factory workers saw their knowledge and paychecks grow as they mastered new processes to mass produce everything from automobiles to armaments.
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