The current informal system of allocating air time and scheduling broadcasts seems badly in need of an overhaul.
He points out that, with the exception of an informal system in California, no country in the world has yet set up regular probabilistic earthquake forecasting that can be used to guide emergency actions.
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He did it through what he says was the only means available to transfer funds to war-torn Iraq, an ancient informal system known as hawala, in which brokers move money outside the conventional banking system.
She told the BBC: "They make an economy, they make their housing, and they make an informal governance system".
As others note, they have to use runners instead of satellite phones and the informal hawala system instead of banks.
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Rich Buss, the company's president, acknowledges that the informal appraisal system places a lot of responsibility on workers to be proactive about offering advice.
Chinese officials have authorized a pilot project in Wenzhou, a city in Zhejiang close to Ms. Wu's home of Dongyang, to legalize parts of that city's informal lending system.
America recently imposed sanctions on the main Hamas-owned bank, but the informal hawala banking system that straddles the border keeps the strip solvent.
That made her part of the underground lending system, a general term that encompasses informal lending networks, private investors, loan sharks and others.
However, the massive growth projected for these innovations so far takes place outside the formal banking sector, in informal, unregulated networks and outside of the banking system.
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Particularly vexing is the kind of business Elfgeeh ran out of the Carnival French Ice Cream Supermarket: hawala, an informal money-remittance service that operates on the fringes of the global financial system.
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