The inner layer of gramicidin (the one next to the glycol) consists of channels that have been chemically tethered to the gold.

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In Kent's aorta model most of the tears are transverse, or across the artery, in a section called the isthmus, and they start on the intima, or the inner layer of the aorta.

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Red giants are created when a star exhausts its supply of hydrogen at its core, with the result that the inner layer contracts and the outer layers expand, forming a redder and much larger star.

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An inner layer of brass provides reinforcement.

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"If there is only a problem in its inner layer, it may be possible to replace just that part of the cornea, leaving the patient's normal and healthy tissue in place, " said Mr Muhtaseb, a Singleton-based consultant ophthalmologist.

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Energy is delivered from the laser to the target, causing its outer layer to explode, which drives the inner substance of the target inwards, compressing it massively.

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In the process of manufacturing the pill, a middle layer is formed on the border between the coating and the inner core.

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An inner clump of cells in the blastocyst goes on to form the embryo, while an outer layer goes on to make the placenta.

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