The wafers use an insulation layer that acts as a radiator under the circuits.

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And because the gate and the insulation layer are formed right at the end of the chip-making process, after the high-temperature steps have been completed, it is possible to choose from a wider range of materials for the insulation layer.

ECONOMIST: Transistors: A tall story | The

And a new issue involves a sensor that monitors the status of a layer of insulation that guards against electrical shorts in the vehicle.

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DeClements uses vertical rebar with horizontal steel ties, plus a layer of waterproof insulation, electrical wiring and plumbing.

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Only when all the masking and etching is complete is the sacrificial gate layer dissolved away, allowing the gates (and the insulation layers between the gate and channel of each transistor) to be filled in.

ECONOMIST: Transistors: A tall story | The