In a 2005 appeal, a panel composed by the international Court of Arbitration for Sport found that Testis compositum couldn't be proven to possess prohibited substances.

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Athletes who are charged by USADA can request a hearing, and if they lose, they have the ability to appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, an international arbitration body.

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Devas in late 2011 went to the Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris to challenge the deal's cancellation, seeking reinstatement or compensation.

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"Even if the Court has jurisdiction over Armstrong's remaining claims, the Court finds they are best resolved through the well-established system of international arbitration, by those with expertise in the field, rather than by the unilateral edict of a single nation's courts, " stated Sparks, a judge in the U.S. district court based out of Austin, Texas.

CNN: August 21, 2012 -- Updated 0154 GMT (0954 HKT)

The U.S. court action flows from an international arbitration Chevron is pursuing against Ecuador to counteract the effects of any adverse ruling in that country.

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Hopes that border quarrels in the region might be settled by arbitration were raised when Eritrea and Yemen accepted the ruling of an international court in The Hague over the disputed Hanish islands in the Red Sea.

ECONOMIST: Close call

"Gazprom has taken the decision to file a lawsuit with the Stockholm international arbitration court to force (state-run gas company) Naftogaz Ukrainy to secure unimpeded transit of Russian gas to Europe across Ukraine, " Miller said in a statement on Gazprom's Web site.

CNN: Leaders meet to end Ukraine gas crisis