Given those challenges and costs, it is therefore necessary to drive the cost per kilowatt-hour down.
It's a 35-kilowatt-hour lithium titanate battery pack that it says is quickly rechargeable and safe.
The wholesale energy market is volatile, and prices for electricity per kilowatt-hour can fluctuate daily.
Currently about 10 cents a kilowatt-hour, they are the second-highest in Asia after Japan's.
That reflects the bargain wholesale prices that Vermont utilities pay Entergy: 4.2 cents a kilowatt-hour.
Laviziano says a commercial solar installation can produce power for 25 cents per kilowatt-hour.
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Assuming a 35% load factor, the turbine can produce electricity at 4 to 7 cents a kilowatt-hour.
According to Bosch's calculations, a conventional internal-combustion-engined car can travel 1.5-2.5km on a kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy.
Vermonters pay less for power than any other state in New England, an average of 13 cents a kilowatt-hour.
It is now 68 cents per kilowatt-hour, or roughly 14 times what it costs to make a kwh from coal.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates the 85-kilowatt-hour battery in the Model S Broder tested has a range of 265 miles.
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Solar panels will supply the electricity at Supercharger stations, with a 500-kilowatt-hour supersize version of its car battery as backup storage.
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The SP package is equipped with a high-capacity drive inverter and twin 10-kilowatt-hour charging inverters for rapid recharge (about four hours).
He said the project may help stabilize consumer energy costs, since the contract locks in the price Delmarva will pay per kilowatt-hour.
Say a commercial account is paying 10 cents a kilowatt-hour for power.
To establish his green credentials, he's even proposed a national 0.1-cent-per-kilowatt-hour tax on electricity that would pour billions of dollars into clean energy research.
If and when the promised power is taken offline, Enernoc gets paid again, at a market rate per kilowatt-hour, sharing that with clients, too.
Excluding government subsidies, the cost of producing wind energy fell from 9 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2009 to 8 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2012.
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Ted Wiley, an Aquion vice president, tells me the company is currently deploying in the kilowatt-hour scale, but will have megawatt-hour systems online next year.
Prices paid for renewable energy ranged between 5.4 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2003 to and 13.3 cents in 2011, with an average cost 11.9 cents.
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The average price for a kilowatt-hour of electricity in Italy can be twice that in the U.S. and rates often vary according to time of day.
It now buys 48% of its power from private suppliers, at about 6.5 cents a kilowatt-hour - some 20% more than what Meralco pays its IPPs.
Its battery is an 80 kilowatt-hour lithium ion battery made by A123 Systems that powers a 70-kilowatt motor (that translates to a pretty puny 93 horsepower).
"We're trying to see a pathway to where you can make electricity for 5 to 8 cents a kilowatt-hour, " equivalent to gas-fired power plants, he says.
By dimming its lights in an emergency it saves the 10 cents and gets paid another 50 cents or so per kilowatt-hour as a bumping fee.
The cost of producing solar electricity by large solar power plants plummeted from 31 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2009 to 14 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2012.
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Although he refuses to reveal figures, Mr Ghosn says the cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of battery capacity for Renault-Nissan cars has fallen by half in four years.
It is offering hydro-powered electricity at a very cheap rate: two U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour compared to four cents in the United States and seven cents in Germany.
According to Michaud, an AVE power station with a 656-foot diameter could generate 200 megawatts of clean electricity at a price as low as 0.03 cents a kilowatt-hour.
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At the moment, eligible households receive 43.3p per kilowatt-hour generated.
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