They operate as academies, and like them, do not have to follow the national curriculum, can vary the pay and conditions of teachers, are directly funded by central government and are outside of local authority control.

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Nick Bourne (Leader of the Welsh Conservatives) asked about the impact of his policies on local government expenditure and accused central government of presiding over a fall in local authority spending, but an increase in council tax.

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As such, we might expect it to reflect the spirit, if not the exact letter, of the U.S. Constitution, and thus to be basically a framework for local self-government with limited scope and authority for central government intrusion.

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Even local political supervision of the police is desirable, provided there is some ultimate central authority to enforce standards and ensure that local forces do not merge with paramilitaries.

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They are independent of local authority control and funded by central government.

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In Chechnya itself, local ties and clan allegiances have always taken precedence over central authority.

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They are funded by central government and are not in local authority control.

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The reputation of its Tory-controlled local authority, Wandsworth, for cost-cutting and low-taxes (aided by generous central-government grants) has entrenched the habit of voting Tory.

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Academies are similar to free schools in that they are also funded directly from central government (as all state schools will be under planned changes), sit outside local authority control and have more control over the pay and conditions of staff than other schools.

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