Side effects, including male infertility, neurological injury, and pain, were between 10 and 50 times as common they appeared to be in published studies, Carragee says.

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Dr Antinori says his goal is to tackle male infertility.

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When California Cryobank, which claims to be the world's largest sperm bank, opened its doors in the late 1970s, 99 percent of its business catered to couples grappling with male infertility, spokesman Scott Brown said.

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"It is an illness, either male or female factor infertility, and has to be treated like an illness, " she said.

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