Tepid memoranda of understanding drafted between the two nations in 2006 look likely to remain exactly that.

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Negotiate agreements (Memoranda of Understanding) with Member States and other agencies, as well as contractual agreements with different institutions and individuals in order to mobilise the required expertise.

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Before any coproduction of engines (and, indeed, any coproduction of the aircraft itself) could occur, separate memoranda of understanding would need to be negotiated between the United States and Japan.

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