Ending a national currency and an exchange rate means that an exchange-rate crisis is not possible.
This national currency would be used for domestic transactions, pension benefits, and the salaries of public sector employees.
Data are derived by first converting GDP in national currency to U.S. dollars and then dividing it by total population.
Before Bosnian officials fixed the national currency against the euro in 2002, they used the Deutsche mark as the peg.
But the other option on the cards, full dollarisation and the complete abandonment of the national currency, would be equally painful.
Sudan's national currency, the recently introduced dinar, scarcely penetrates the front line.
In the last four years Egypt has seen massive rises in unemployment, declining growth and the value of the national currency nearly halved.
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe became famous for the lengths to which he was willing to go to weaken his national currency, the yen.
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Retailers want to speed things up by being allowed to give change in euros only, even if a shopper has paid with national currency.
This thinking was followed by the blinkered that simply forgot to note that before debt and equity, why even before national currency there were commodities.
Hamilton's role as the architect of America's financial system is fairly well known: he founded the Treasury department and unified the national currency and debt.
Yet the point is that if capital controls are introduced, it basically makes Cypriot euros into a national currency, rather than part of wider monetary union.
Encouragingly, a recent poll for the European Commission says that 84% know the exchange rate against their national currency to within five cents in the euro.
It says that, if necessary, the central bank will create an unlimited amount of Swiss national currency to buy foreign exchange and thereby push down the value of the franc.
For a start, the technical difficulties of reintroducing a national currency, reprogramming computers and vending machines, minting coins and printing notes are huge (three years' preparation was needed for the euro).
Mr. Fritsen says he doesn't support the anti-Islamic views of the Freedom Party, but he does support its call to return to the guilder, the Dutch national currency that the euro replaced.
Foreign investors have also been put off by recent moves not to pay some of the country's debt, and by doubts about whether Ecuador will stop using the US dollar as its national currency.
Quite apart from the huge technical problems of reintroducing a national currency, quitting the euro would surely entail default on euro-denominated debts, and could also put a country's membership of the European Union at risk.
The interim president said he would not devalue the national currency, the peso, nor end its peg to the US dollar - seen by financial analysts as alternative ways to deal with Argentina's enormous economic problems.
He also warns that if Greece were to quit the euro and return to a national currency, such as the drachma, the move would result in years of turmoil and cost money the nation does not have.
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The current stampede of industrial and emerging countries alike toward floating-cum-inflation targeting, and away from exchange-rate and monetary anchors, suggests that this combination is the only real alternative to giving up a national currency in favour of monetary union or dollarisation.
This is also a compelling reason to oppose any plan to simply convert the national monopoly currency to a commodity basket standard.
That kind of rivalry, within a union of national systems sharing a common currency, would indeed stand as something both promising and distinctively European.
Europe's single currency will erode national banking borders.
Now, officials at the Swiss National Bank are considering what currency or basket of currencies would replace the euro as its reference point for the currency ceiling, according to a person familiar with the situation.
This promise can be verified every minute of the day by observing the current rate of exchange between the dollar and gold, and, under a classical gold standard, by exchanging currency at a national bank for gold coins of a fixed weight and purity.
The national debt is denominated in a currency that the government is legally permitted to print.
For decades after the deal, Australians would continue to sing the U.K.'s national anthem and refer to their currency as the Australian pound.
Democrats focused their criticism on the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which regulates national banks and was the lead overseer of the J.
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The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which oversees national banks and thrifts, said that banks that operate in areas affected by the storm have the discretion to close.
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