In response to what he described as "the most vicious ... attack on the judicial authority's independence" ever, only seven of Egypt's 34 courts are still operating and 90% of its prosecutors have gone on strike, said Judge Mohamed al-Zind of the Egyptian Judge's Club.

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She argued that the Supreme Court's judges had reached their decision based on the definition of "judicial authority" published in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

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Judge Jerry Smith of the 5th Circuit responded to the president's comments by ordering the Department of Justice to submit a three-page, single-spaced memo stating the administration's position on judicial authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws.

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Some conservative critics interpreted those remarks as a challenge to judicial authority, suggesting Obama was putting direct political pressure on the high court.

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Some of Mr Clinton's allies thought this subpoena could be challenged on constitutional grounds, arguing that the judicial branch (unlike Congress) lacks the authority to compel evidence from the executive.

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