Such techniques include fluorescence, paramagnetic resonance, microcalometry, circular dicroism, dual wavelength spectrophotometry, stop-flow spectrometry among others.

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This means that when a drop of liquid is mixed with a suitable solution of paramagnetic ions, which become magnetic in the presence of a permanent magnet, it will be pushed to where the field is weakest, and stay there.

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The researchers twigged that this phenomenon could be used to measure density and, as they report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, they set about this task by erecting a stack of two off-the-shelf neodymium magnets separated by a vertical vial of paramagnetic fluid.

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