The energy released in fusion is carried mostly by neutrons, a type of subatomic particle that has no electric charge and hence cannot be confined by the magnetic bottle.

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Dr Kobayashi and Dr Maskawa, who were at Japan's High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation and Kyoto University respectively, described a type of symmetry breaking that predicted two new families of quarks, a sort of subatomic particle whose simplest members are the ingredients of the protons and neutrons that form atomic nuclei.

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The first particle physicists detected their subatomic subjects, including cosmic rays, using devices called cloud chambers.

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"There's a huge synergy there, in astronomers trying to find the influence of dark matter by mapping stars and galaxies and large structures in the universe, and particle physicists trying to discover the source of that influence of dark matter through subatomic particles here on Earth, " said Jason Kalirai, deputy project scientist for the telescope at the Space Telescope Science Institute.

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CMB, and the number of subatomic particles in the universe, suggest that for every billion mutual annihilations, a solitary particle of matter survived.

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